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Women's societal roles in Brazil have been heavily impacted by the patriarchal traditions of Iberian culture, which holds women subordinate to men in familial and community relationships.〔Metcalf, Alida C. Women and Means: Women and Family Property in Colonial Brazil, Journal of Social History. Vol. 24, No 2 (Winter 1990) pp. 277-298〕 The Iberian Peninsula, which is made up of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, has traditionally been the cultural and military frontier between Christianity and Islam, developing a strong tradition for military conquest and male dominance. Patriarchal traditions were readily transferred from the Iberian Peninsula to Latin America through the encomienda system that fostered economic dependence among women and indigenous peoples in Brazil.〔 As the largest Roman Catholic nation in the world, religion has also had a significant impact on the perception of women in Brazil, though over the past century the Brazilian government has increasingly broken with the Catholic Church in regard to issues related to reproductive rights. Brazil is thought to possess the most organized and effective women's movement in Latin America, with visible gains having been made over the past century to promote and protect the legal and political rights of women.〔Fiedler, A. M., & Blanco, R. I. (2006). The Challenge of Varying Perceptions of Sexual Harassment: An International Study. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 7, 274-291〕 Despite the gains made in women's rights over the past century, women in Brazil still face significant gender inequality, which is most pronounced in the rural areas of Northeastern Brazil.〔Caipora (Organization). Women in Brazil. London: Latin American Bureau, 1993. Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: combined initial, second, third, fourth and fifth periodic reports of states parties : Brazil. New York: United Nations, 2002〕 In 2010, the United Nations ranked Brazil 73rd out of 169 nations based on the Gender Inequality Index, which measure women's disadvantages in the areas of reproductive rights, empowerment and labour force participation. Women's movements in Brazil have traditionally been led and supported by upper middle class women, and tend to be reformist rather than revolutionary in nature, though clear exceptions exist, most notably with regard to agrarian land reform movements.〔Schmink, Marianne. Women in Brazilian Abertura Politics. Signs. Vol. 7, No. 1 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 115-134〕 Though suffrage was granted to women in Brazil in the 1930s, it was not until the 1970s and onwards that a broader, more potent women's movement took hold in Brazil. Women in Brazil enjoy the same legal rights and duties as men, which is clearly expressed in the 5th article of Brazil's 1988 Constitution.〔http://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/brazil.php〕 The World Economic Forum released a study indicating that Brazil had virtually eradicated gender differences in education and health treatment, but that women lagged behind in salaries and political influence. According to the Labor and Employment Ministry, women were paid 30 percent less than men. In 2005, UN Special Rapporteur Despouy noted a strikingly low level of women's representation in the judicial system, where women occupied "only 5 percent of the top posts in the judiciary and the Public Prosecutor's Office."〔(Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Brazil ). United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''〕 Many women have been elected mayors and many women have been federal judges. The first female assumed office in the Senate in 1979. Women became candidates for vice president for the first time in 1994. As of 2009, 9% of the seats in the national parliament were held by women.〔http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crname=Brazil〕 ==Suffrage movement== Women in Brazil were granted the right to vote in 1932.〔Hahner, June Edith. "The Beginnings of the Women's Suffrage Movement in Brazil." Signs. Vol. 5. No. 1. Women in Latin America (Autumn 1979). Pp. 200-204〕 Though a feminist movement had existed in Brazil since the mid-nineteenth century and women did petition for suffrage to be included in the 1891 Republican Constitution, the drive towards enfranchisement only began in earnest under the leadership of feminist, biologist and lawyer, Bertha Lutz.〔Hahner, June Edith. Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850-1940. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990.〕 Following the publication of an article in leading Brazilian newspaper Revista da Semana, which called upon women to prove their worthiness to men through their achievements and organize in order to demand the right to vote, various women's organizations appeared.〔 Lutz founded her own organization in conjunction with American suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt in 1922, the Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women, which would become the leading suffrage organization of Brazil and was affiliated with the International Women's Suffrage Alliance.〔 Brazilian suffragettes were literate, professional women who made up only a small percentage of the female population in Brazil, the latter which remained largely illiterate. Hence, the campaign for suffrage was by no means a mass movement, and was decidedly moderate in nature.〔Hahner, June Edith. "Women's Rights and the Suffrage Movement in Brazil, 1850-1932." Latin American Research Review. Vol. 5. No. 1. (1980) pp. 65-111.〕 The conservative character of the suffrage movement provoked little resistance from government, and suffrage was declared by Getúlio Vargas in 1932 and later confirmed in the 1934 Constitution.〔 Two years after women's suffrage was declared in the 5th Constitution of Brazil, two women were elected to Congress, ten females were elected mayors and assemblywomen, and thirty women were made councilwomen in Brazil.〔Garciario, Frank M. "BRAZIL'S WOMEN SCORE GAINS: Their Right to Vote Is Widely Used and a Million Hold Jobs Out." New York Times (1923-Current file); Nov 8, 1936; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2007) pg. D9〕 Though government jobs had been available to women in the past, women had not held electoral positions until after suffrage was won and the amount of women in government continued to grow throughout the twentieth century.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Women's rights in Brazil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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